What You Need to Know about Stress, Hormones And Weight Gain

Tue, 05 Aug 2014 01:07:00 -0700

There’s a famous quote that strikes me as particularly appropriate for a conversation about stress. It speaks to what is most surprising about humanity:

“Man. Because he sacrifices his health in order to make money. Then he sacrifices money to recuperate his health. And then he is so anxious about the future that he does not enjoy the present; the result being that he does not live in the present or the future; he lives as if he is never going to die, and then dies having never really lived.”

I find the point being made to be poignant – especially when we think about the rapidly increasing obesity rates in today’s world.

Today’s Biggest Health Problem?

Most medical experts cite obesity as our most urgent health problem. More than 65% of Americans are overweight to obese, and the numbers are still on the rise. This is in spite of the fact that we have spent billions of dollars on clinical research aimed at solving problems like diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, cancer, sleep apnea, and many others – all of which are associated with obesity.

Obesity increases free fatty acids, which leads to dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. This condition, collectively called metabolic syndrome, can progress to type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease. Obesity also causes mechanical stress to the body, resulting in sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, low back pain, and shortness of breath. Finally, all the hormones in the body become imbalanced as a result of excessive weight, and that can lead to multiple disruptions in hormone-dependent physiological processes, which in themselves contribute to further weight gain.

In the following paragraphs, I would like to focus my discussion on the hormone imbalances caused by obesity, and describe and discuss the hormones that have been implicated in weight gain and obesity, and the physiological reasons why fat accumulation affects hormone levels. At the same time, it is important to discuss the contribution of stress to obesity as cortisol (stress hormone) levels rise, promoting appetite dysregulation, increased blood glucose, and increased visceral fat storage.

The Bad News is Getting Worse

In 1970, 45% of Americans were obese. If you think that sounds bad, read on.

Current projections are that 74% of Americans will be in this category by the year 2020. What happened? Where did we go wrong? Is it that our lifestyles have changed so drastically? Are we eating differently? Is it the sugar consumption and/ or processed foods? Are we not as physically active as we used to be before? Are there any changes in our work habits that we need to look at carefully? Do we have increased lifestyle stress? The answer probably lies in a combination of all these factors, as people pay less and less attention to how their habits and lifestyles contribute to their health.

What can be done to rein in the escalation? How can we lose weight? Weight loss should be very simple according to the rule of calories consumed and calories burned; if we burned more calories than consumed, we should be able to lose weight very easily. Weight loss may not be too difficult for a motivated person who is willing to change their eating and exercise habits and reach a goal, but long-term weight management may be a challenge.

How Stress Impacts Weight Gain

For proper weight management, it is extremely important to understand the role of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. Any type of stress can lead to HPA dysfunction and related disorders like Cushing’s syndrome, chronic stress, panic disorders, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, etc. Dysregulation of the HPA axis is a leading cause of metabolic problems that can contribute to body fat accumulation. Let us now look at the biochemical processes that are set in motion when the HPA axis is disordered and the end result is increased fat deposition.

The goal of the stress response, a key function of the HPA axis, is to maintain effective blood supply to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, and to increase production of energy by stimulating gluconeogenesis (endogenous glucose synthesis) and ATP production, needed for the short term response to any chemical or mechanical stress to the body. The main components of the stress response system are the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system.

During a stress response, both CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone) and AVP (Arginine vasopressin) are secreted. AVP activates the noradrenergic neurons of the Locus Caeruleus/norepinephrine (LC/NE) system and CRH activates adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) release by the pituitary. The LC/NE system is responsible for the immediate “fight or flight” response, whereas ACTH drives the production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex. When high levels of cortisol are present, a negative feedback loop stops this pathway.

The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol is a major player in the stress response because of its role in temporarily shutting down all long-term metabolic processes to facilitate immediate survival and maintain homeostasis. Cortisol’s main job is to increase gluconeogenesis, decrease insulin sensitivity, reduce growth hormone production, lower thyroid hormones, and inhibit the immune response, while increasing fat and protein mobilization for energy needs.

Acute cortisol secretion by the adrenals during stress mobilizes peripheral amino acids from muscle as well as fatty acids and glycerol from peripheral fat stores to provide substrates for glucose synthesis by the liver. But when cortisol levels are elevated chronically, the functions that are intended for short-term responses to a stress stimulus are prolonged and this leads to changes in body fat distribution and especially increased visceral adiposity (belly fat), which creates several metabolic abnormalities leading to the conditions known as metabolic syndrome.

When cortisol levels increase under stress conditions, DHEA production also begins to decrease through “the pregnenolone steal.” In simple terms, this means that under chronic stress conditions, there is increased production of cortisol while other hormones with a common precursor to cortisol, like DHEA, progesterone, aldosterone, testosterone, and estrogens are depleted. If the stressor does not go away and the stress condition becomes chronic, then a phase of stress adaptation begins, characterized by decreased cortisol production, sometimes known as “adrenal fatigue.” The cortisol production further decreases until the stage when there is complete adrenal failure.

The Bottom Line on Stress & Weight

To summarize, acute stress causes a short term increase in glucocorticoid release, which induces fatty acid mobilization and decreased food intake; whereas chronic stress is associated with sustained cortisol secretion, which leads to redistribution of subcutaneous fat stores to visceral adipose tissue, resulting in central obesity and several metabolic and endocrine abnormalities.

Food consumption also increases during this time as a result of interactions between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and melanocortins as well as leptin and insulin, all of which are consequences of disordered metabolism that goes along with obesity.

Leptin is secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat stores and its primary effect is to signal to the brain that there is enough fat in the body, so that food intake can be stopped. Normally, leptin inhibits NPY expression and secretion, thereby controlling the food intake. During chronic stress, excess cortisol enhances the NPY content and induces leptin secretion as well as leptin resistance, thereby inhibiting leptin-¬induced reduction of food intake. Therefore, increased production of cortisol actually induces overeating, worsening obesity despite elevated leptin levels.

Leptin interacts with thyroid hormones, in addition to many other factors, and thyroid hormones may modulate adipokine levels by regulating adipose tissue metabolism – a topic I’ll address in a follow-up blog post. We need to have a better understanding of thyroid hormone abnormalities and their effects on metabolic rate and body fat storage.

It is known that estrogens can influence energy intake and energy expenditure via hypothalamic signaling and play an important role in body weight, fat distribution, energy expenditure and metabolism. Also, obesity is frequently associated with low testosterone levels. Obesity-related hypogonadism is complex and involves many different factors, which lead to changes in body fat mass and further changes in adipokine release and inflammatory pathways.

In conclusion, we must be aware that the adipose tissue is involved in the metabolism of cortisol, and that chronic stress contributes to obesity and leads to a complete imbalance of several other hormones that are impacted by changes in cortisol production. Therefore, hormonal imbalance is a key feature of obesity, and understanding the mechanisms behind hormones and weight gain can help people struggling with obesity.

Related Resources

How Does Stress Level Affect Overall Risk of Getting Heart Disease?

Mon, 18 Feb 2013 03:24:00 -0800

Stress and depression have both been linked with diabetes and heart disease, and if left untreated, can lead to more complications. Understanding these two contributing factors can help doctors formulate suitable treatment plans for their patients, so it is important to discuss the possibility of having either stress or depression with our health care providers even if they forget to ask.

Stress can come from many sources, including one’s occupation; having lost or the threat of losing our jobs or homes; or taking care of our elderly parents or children with disabilities. Stress in all its forms is normal and causes a normal increase in cortisol, which is essential for regulating a myriad of different processes in the body from blood sugar control to thyroid function and immune regulation.

Excessive stressors, on the other hand, can cause too much production of cortisol, which negatively affects all hormone systems that help keep us healthy. For example, stress-induced cortisol desensitizes tissues to the beneficial actions of many different hormones, including the sex hormones (estradiol, progesterone, testosterone), thyroid hormones, growth hormone, and insulin. Shutting down the muscle’s response to insulin, which signals the uptake of glucose for energy, leads to unhealthy, elevated levels of blood glucose. When blood glucose levels increase and there is either not enough insulin being produced by the pancreas, or if the insulin is not working properly, also known as insulin resistance, then this can ultimately lead to diabetes and/or heart disease.

It is extremely important to maintain blood glucose levels, especially in diabetics. One of the ways this can be done is through stress management. Sharing the cause of stress with the primary care doctor, family or friends is always helpful. Sometimes, social support can reduce the stress and therefore reduce the risk of heart disease.

Excessive cortisol production caused by overwhelming stressors also causes hormonal imbalances that can lead to depression. People living with any kind of depression are at higher risk of getting Type 2 Diabetes or heart disease.

What should be done to avoid becoming a victim of conditions like stress and depression?

Hormone balance, together with healthy diet and exercise, is one answer. Hormones affect everyday health and wellness by interacting with every cell inside our bodies, and if not working properly, a disruption in balance is created resulting in damaged and disturbed physiology. Keeping the hormone levels of the body in proper balance within the normal physiologic ranges seen in healthy adults helps reduce the risk of progression to conditions like heart disease and diabetes.

While hormone restoration is certainly not the only remedy for deteriorating health caused by a lifetime of excessive stressors that may or may not be unavoidable, it can be a kick-start to improving your will to get back on the road to a healthy lifestyle of exercising, eating right, and consciously removing as many stressors in your life as possible. Hormone testing can help you see where you stand and what hormone might need some tweaking to get you back on the road to health.

The ZRT Laboratory Blog

What You Need to Know about Stress, Hormones And Weight Gain

Today’s Biggest Health Problem?

The Bad News is Getting Worse

How Stress Impacts Weight Gain

The Bottom Line on Stress & Weight

Related Resources

How Does Stress Level Affect Overall Risk of Getting Heart Disease?

What should be done to avoid becoming a victim of conditions like stress and depression?

Related Resources